Renal Anaemia

Alebiosu CO, Ayodele OE. The global burden of chronic kidney disease and the way forward. Eth Dis 2005;15:418-23. External Source Document

American Association of Kidney Patients. Kidney beginnings: a patients´ guide to living with reduced kidney function.External Source Document

Anand IS, Chandrashekhar Y, Ferrari R, Poole-Wilson PA, Harris PC. Pathogenesis of oedema in chronic severe anaemia: studies of body water and sodium, renal function, haemodynamic variables, and plasma hormones. Br Heart J. 1993;70:357–362.External Source Document

Aranesp® Summary of Product Characteristics. Amgen. 2006.External Source Document  

Barsoum RS. Chronic kidney disease in the developing world. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:997-9.External Source Document

Bennett CL, Cournoyer D, Carson KR, et al. Long-term outcome of individuals with pure red cell aplasia and antierythropoietin antibodies in patients treated with recombinant epoetin: a follow-up report from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project. Blood 2005;106:3343–7.External Source Document

Bennett CL, Luminari S, Nissenson AR, et al. Pure Red-Cell Aplasia and Epoetin Therapy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1403–8.External Source Document

Berns JS, Elzein H, Lynn RI, et al. Haemoglobin variability in epoetin-treated hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003;64:1514–21.External Source Document

Bommer J. Prevalence and socio-economic aspects of chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(Suppl 11):8-12.External Source Document

Bosman DR, Winkler AS, Marsden JT, et al. Anemia with erythropoietin deficiency occurs early in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:495–499.External Source Document

Breiterman-White R. Haemoglobin variability: impact on anaemia management ractices. Nephrol Nursing J 2003;30:456–9.External Source Document

Chadban SJ, Briganti EM, Kerr PG, Dunstan DW, Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ, Atkins RC. Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults: The AusDiab kidney study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:S131-S138.External Source Document

Chockalingam A, Campbell NR, Fodor JG. Worldwide epidemic of hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2006;22:553-5.External Source Document

Collins AJ, Brenner RM, Ofman JJ, Chi EM, Stuccio-White N, Krishnan M, Solid C, Ofsthun NJ, Lazarus JM. Epoetin alfa use in patients with ESRD: an analysis of recent US prescribing patterns and hemoglobin outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46:481-488.External Source Document

Collins AJ, Li S, St. Peter W. Death, hospitalization, and economic associations among incident hemodialysis patients with hematocrit values of 36 to 39%. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2465-73.External Source Document

Combe C, Tredree RL, Schellekens H. Biosimilar epoetins: an analysis based on recently implemented European medicines evaluation agency guidelines on comparability of biopharmaceutical proteins. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25:954–62.External Source Document

Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1-12.External Source Document

Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1-12.External Source Document

Deicher R, Hörl WH. Differentiating factors between erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: a guide to selection for anaemia of chronic kidney disease. Drugs. 2004;64:499-509.External Source Document

Drey N, Roderick P, Mullee M, Rogerson M. A population-based study of the incidence and outcomes of diagnosed chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:677–84.External Source Document

Ebben JP, Gilbertson DT, Foley RN, Collins AJ. Hemoglobin level variability: associations with comorbidity, intercurrent events, and hospitalizations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:1205–1210.External Source Document

EBPG II Working Group. Revised European Best Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anaemia in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:ii1-47.External Source Document

Egrie JC, Browne JK. Development and characterization of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP). Br J Cancer. 2001;84(Suppl 1):3-10.External Source Document

Eprex® Summary of Product Characteristics. Janssen-Cilag Ltd. 2006.External Source Document

Fishbane S, Berns JS. Haemoglobin cycling in hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Kidney Int 2005;68:1337–43.External Source Document

Fishbane S, Macdougall IC, Locatelli, F. Targeting Unmet Medical Needs in Patients With Anemia Due to Chronic Kidney Disease.External Source Document

Fishbane S. Recombinant human erythropoietin: has treatment reached its full potential? Semin Dial. 2006;19:1-4.External Source Document

Fliser et al ASN 2008 abstract 553648. Once Monthly C.E.R.A. Provides Stable Hb Levels in CKD Patients On Dialysis Following Direct Switch From Short Acting ESAs.External Source Document

Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. The impact of anemia on cardiomyopathy, morbidity, and and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28:53-61.External Source Document

Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Kent GM, et al. Serial change in echocardiographic parameters and cardiac failure in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:912–6.External Source Document

Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(Suppl 3):S112–S119.External Source Document

Gilbertson D. T. et al. Hemoglobin Level Variability: Associations with Mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 133-138, 2008.External Source Document

Gilbertson DT, Ebben JP, Bradbury B, Dunning SC, Collins AJ. The effect of hemoglobin (Hb) variability and trends on mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:582A (abstract SA-PO032).External Source Document  

Gilbertson DT, Weinhandl E, Ebben J, Collins AJ. An investigation of the temporal relationship between hemoglobin levels and EPO doses. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:875A (abstract PUB430).External Source Document

Gomez JM, Carrera F. What should the optimal target hemoglobin be? Kidney Int Suppl 2002;80:S39–S43.External Source Document

Gouva C, Nikolopoulos P, Ioannidis JP, et al. Treating anaemia early in renal failure patients slows the decline of renal function: a randomized controlled trial.Kidney Intl 2004;66:753–60.External Source Document

Gouva C, Nikolopoulos P, Ioannidis JP, Siamopoulos KC. Treating anaemia early in renal failure patients slows the decline of renal function: a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Intl. 2004;66:753-60.External Source Document

Grassmann A, Gioberge S, Moeller S, Brown G. ESRD patients in 2004: global overview of patient numbers, treatment modalities and associated trends. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:2587-2593.External Source Document

Hillege HL, Janssen WM, Bak AA, Diercks GF, Grobbee DE, Crijns HJ, Van Gilst WH, De Zeeuw D, De Jong PE; Prevend Study Group. Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. J Intern Med. 2001;249:519-526.External Source Document

Iseki K. The Okinawa screening program. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(Suppl 2):S127-S130.External Source Document

Johnson CA, Levey AS, Coresh J, Levin A, Lau J, Eknoyan G. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease in adults: Part I. Definition, disease stages, evaluation, treatment, and risk factors. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70:869–876.External Source Document

Jungers PY, Robino C, Choukroun G, et al. Incidence of anaemia, and use of epoetin therapy in pre-dialysis patients: a prospective study in 403 patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1621–1627.External Source Document

KDOQI (United States National Kidney Foundation ‘Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative’).External Source Document

Lefebvre P, Vekeman F, Sarokhan B, Enny C, Provenzano R, Cremieux PY. Relationship between hemoglobin level and quality of life in anemic patients with chronic kidney disease receiving epoetin alfa. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22:1929-1937.External Source Document

Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461–70.External Source Document

Levin A, Thompson CR, Ethier J, Carlisle EJ, Tobe S, Mendelssohn D, Burgess E, Jindal K, Barrett B, Singer J, Djurdjev O. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;34:125–134.External Source Document  

Locatelli F, Aljama P, Bárány P, Canaud B, Carrera F, Eckardt KU, Hörl WH, Macdougall IC, Macleod A, Wie,cek A, Cameron S; European Best Practice Guidelines Working Group. European best practice guidelines for the management of anaemia in patients with chronic renal failure, Revised 2004. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(Suppl 2):ii1-ii47.External Source Document

Lu WX, Jones-Burton C, Zhan M, et al. Survival benefit of recombinant human erythropoietin administration prior to onset of end-stage renal disease : variations across surrogates for quality of care and time. Nephron Clin Pract 2005;101:c79–c86.External Source Document

Lysaght MJ. Maintenance dialysis population dynamics: current trends and long-term implications.  J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(Suppl 1):S37-S40. External Source Document

Macdougall I, et al. C.E.R.A. Corrects Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease not on Dialysis: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial. CJASN, 2008; 3 (2) 337-347.External Source Document

Macdougall IC, Gray SJ, Elston O, Breen C, Jenkins B, Browne J, Egrie J. Pharmacokinetics of novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein compared with epoetin alfa in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:2392-2395.External Source Document

Macdougall IC, Robson R, Opatrna S, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and subcutaneous Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator (C.E.R.A.) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 doi:10.2215/CJN.0073030.External Source Document  

MacDougall IC. The Management of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease – Current and Future Issues. European Renal & Genito-urinary Disease 2006.External Source Document

Massa E, Madeddu C, Lusso MR, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment with erythropoietin on anemia, cognitive functioning and functions studied by comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly cancer patients with anemia related to cancer chemotherapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;57:175–82.External Source Document

McClellan W, Aronoff SL, Bolton WK. The prevalence of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20:1501-1510.External Source Document

McClellan WM, Jurkovitz C, Abramson J. The epidemiology and control of anaemia among pre-ESRD patients with chronic kidney disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35(Suppl 3):58-65.External Source Document

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MIRCERA Summary of Product Characteristics. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.External Source Document  

Moeller S, Gioberge S, Brown G. ESRD patients in 2001: global overview of patients, treatment modalities and development trends. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:2071-2076.External Source Document

Myers GL, Miller WG, Coresh J, et al. Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease. Clin Chem 2006;52:5-18.External Source Document  

NAAC (National Anemia Action Council) Anemia monograph.External Source Document

National Collaborating Centre on Chronic Conditions (NCC-CC). Anaemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: National clinical guideline for management in adults and children. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006.External Source Document  

National Kidney Foundation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD).External Source Document  

National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(Suppl 1):S1-S266.External Source Document

National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anaemia in chronic kidney disease.External Source Document

Nurko S. Anaemia in chronic kidney disease: causes, diagnosis, treatment. Cleve Clin J Med. 2006;73:289-97.External Source Document

Ofsthun N, Labrecque J, Lacson E, Keen M, Lazarus JM. The effects of higher hemoglobin levels on mortality and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003;63:1908–1914.External Source Document

Osinski M, Wish J. Physician workforce: coming up short.Nephrol News Issues 2005;19:58–9,64,67.External Source Document

Parfrey P. Anaemia in chronic renal disease: lessons learned since Seville 1994. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:41-5.External Source Document

Perlman RL, Finkelstein FO, Liu L, Roys E, Kiser M, Eisele G, Burrows-Hudson S, Messana JM, Levin N, Rajagopalan S, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Saran R. Quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD): a cross-sectional analysis in the Renal Research Institute-CKD study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:658–666.External Source Document

Pisoni RL, Bragg-Gresham JL, Young EW, Akizawa T, Asano Y, Locatelli F, Bommer J, Cruz JM, Kerr PG, Mendelssohn DC, Held PJ, Port FK. Anemia management and outcomes from 12 countries in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44:94-111.External Source Document

Portoles J. The beneficial effects of intervention in early renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:12-15.External Source Document

Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N. Chronic renal diseases: renoprotective benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:604–615.External Source Document

Renal Association. UK Renal Registry. The Eighth Annual Report. December 2005.External Source Document  

Rice L, Alfrey CP. The negative regulation of red cell mass by neocytolysis: physiologic and pathophysiologic manifestations. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2005;15:245-250.External Source Document

Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Kidney Failure Stabilizes after a Two-Decade Increase: Impact on Global (Renal and Cardiovascular) Health. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:146–50.External Source Document  

Schaubel DE, Morrison HI, Desmeules M, et al.End-stage renal disease in Canada: prevalence projections to 2005. CMAJ. 1999;160:1557–63.External Source Document

Silverberg D. Outcomes of anaemia management in renal insufficiency and cardiac disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:ii7–External Source Document

Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, Schwartz D, Wollman Y, Iaina A. Erythropoietin should be part of congestive heart failure management. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;(87):S40–S47.External Source Document

Sulowicz W, Locatelli F, Ryckelynck J-P, et al. Once-monthly subcutaneous continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) maintains stable control in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis directly converted from epoetin one to three times weekly. Clin J Amer Soc Nephrol. 2007 doi:10.2215/CJN.03631006.External Source Document

U.S. Renal Data System. USRDS 2004 annual report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2004.External Source Document  

US Renal Data System, USRDS 2006 Annual Data Report: atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2006.External Source Document

Valderrábano F. Anaemia management in chronic kidney disease patients: an overview of current clinical practice. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(Suppl 1):13-18.External Source Document

Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Vlagopoulos PT, et al. Effects of anaemia and left ventricular hypertrophy on cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1803–10.External Source Document

White SL, Cass A, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ. Chronic kidney disease in the general population. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2005;12:5-13.External Source Document

Wick, M., W. Pinggera, and P. Lehmann, Clinical Aspects and Laboratory. Iron Metabolism, Anemias: Novel Concepts in the Anemias of Malignancies and Renal and Rheumatoid Diseases. 2003: Springer.External Source Document

World Health Organization. Diabetes.External Source Document

Xue JL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Collins AJ. Forecast of the number of patients with end-stage renal disease in the United States to the year 2010. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:2753-2758.External Source Document

STS

Bertuzzi A, Castagna L et al. (2002) “High-dose chemotherapy in poor-prognosis adult small round-cell tumors: clinical and molecular results from a prospective study.” J Clin Oncol 20(8): 2181–88.External Source Document

Brain EG. (2002) “Safety and efficacy of ET-743: the French experience.” Anticancer Drugs 13(Suppl 1): S11–14.External Source Document

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Damia G, Silvestri S et al. (2001) “Unique pattern of ET-743 activity in different cellular systems with defined deficiencies in DNA-repair pathways.” Int J Cancer 92(4): 583–88.External Source Document

Erba E, Bergamaschi D et al. (2001) “Ecteinascidin-743 (ET-743), a naturalmarine compound,with a uniquemechanismof action.” Eur J Cancer 37(1): 97–105.External Source Document

Fayette J, Coquard IR et al. (2006) ”ET-743: a novel agent with activity in soft tissue sarcomas”. Curr Opin Oncol 18(4): 347–53.External Source Document

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Grosso F, Jones RL, Demetri GD, et al. Efficacy of trabectedin (ecteinascidin-743) in advanced pretreated myxoid liposarcomas: a retrospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(7): 595-602.External Source Document

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Le Cesne A, Antoine E et al. (1995) “High-dose ifosfamide: circumvention of resistance to standard-dose ifosfamide in advanced soft tissue sarcomas.” J Clin Oncol 13(7): 1600–8.External Source Document

Le Cesne A, Blay JY et al. (2005) “Phase II study of ET-743 in advanced soft tissue sarcomas: a European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) soft tissue and bone sarcoma group trial.” J Clin Oncol 23(3): 576–84.9.External Source Document  

Le Cesne A, Judson I et al. (2000) “Randomized phase III study comparing conventional-dose doxorubicin plus ifosfamide versus high-dose doxorubicin plus ifosfamide plus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in advanced soft tissue sarcomas: a trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group.” J Clin Oncol 18(14): 2676–84.External Source Document

Leyvraz S. (2007) “Soft tissue sarcomas: ESMO Clinical Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.” Ann Oncol 18(Suppl 2): ii74–76.External Source Document

Minuzzo M, Marchini S et al. (2000) “Interference of transcriptional activation by the antineoplastic drug ecteinascidin-743.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(12): 6780–84.External Source Document

Morgan JA, Le Cesne A, Chawla S, et al. Randomized phase II study of trabectedin in patients with liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma (L-sarcomas) after failure of prior anthracylines (A) and ifosfamide (I). J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 20;25(18S):10060.External Source Document

NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology™. Soft Tissue Sarcoma V3, 2007.External Source Document

Pommier Y, Kohlhagen G et al. (1996) “DNA sequence- and structure-selective alkylation of guanine N2 in the DNA minor groove by ecteinascidin 743, a potent antitumor compound from the Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata.” Biochemistry 35(41): 13303–9.External Source Document

Puchalski TA, Ryan DP et al. (2002) “Pharmacokinetics of ecteinascidin 743 administered as a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion to adult patients with soft tissue sarcomas: associations with clinical characteristics, pathophysiological variables and toxicity.” cancer Chemother Pharmacol 50(4): 309–19.External Source Document

Stojadinovic A, Leung DH et al. (2002) "Primary adult soft tissue sarcoma: time-dependent influence of prognostic variables." J Clin Oncol 20(21): 4344–52.External Source Document

Takebayashi Y, Goldwasser F et al. (2001a) “Ecteinascidin 743 induces protein-linked DNA breaks in human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells and is cytotoxic independently of topoisomerase I expression.” Clin Cancer Res 7(1): 185–91.External Source Document  

Therasse P, Le Cesne A et al. (2005) “RECIST vs.WHO: prospective comparison of response criteria in an EORTC phase II clinical trial investigating ET-743 in advanced soft tissue sarcoma.” Eur J Cancer 41(10): 1426–30.External Source Document

Van Glabbeke M, Verweij J et al. (2002) “Progression-free rate as the principal end-point for phase II trials in soft-tissue sarcomas.” Eur J Cancer 38(4): 543–49.External Source Document

Verweij J, Lee SM et al. (2000) “Randomized phase II study of docetaxel versus doxorubicin in first- and second-line chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcomas in adults: a study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group.” J Clin Oncol 18(10): 2081–6.External Source Document

Yondelis®. (2007) Summary of product characteristics.External Source Document

Yovine A, Riofrio M et al. (2004) “Phase II study of ecteinascidin-743 in advanced pretreated soft tissue sarcoma patients.” J Clin Oncol 22(5): 890–99.External Source Document

 Zewail-Foote M, Hurley LH. (1999) “Ecteinascidin 743: a minor groove alkylator that bends DNA toward the major groove.” J Med Chem 42(14): 2493–97.External Source Document

Zewail-Foote M, Li VS et al. (2001) “The inefficiency of incisions of ecteinascidin 743-DNA adducts by the UvrABC nuclease and the unique structural feature of the DNA adducts can be used to explain the repair-dependent toxicities of this antitumor agent.” Chem Biol 8(11): 1033–49.External Source Document

Thrombosis

Abbate R, Gori AM, Farsi A, et al. Monitoring of low-molecular-weight heparins in cardiovascular disease.Am J Cardiol 1998;82:33L–6L.External Source Document

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Antman, et al. ACC/AHA Practice guidelines. McLean J.The thromboplastic action of cephalin.Am J Physiol 1916;41:250–7.External Source Document

Attha DH, Lormeau JC, Petitou M, et al. Contribution of 3–O– and 6–O–sulfated glucosamine.External Source Document

Barzu T, Molho P,Tobelem G, et al. Binding and endocytosis of heparin by human endothelial cells in culture. Biochem Biophys Acta 1985;845:196–203.External Source Document

Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR, et al., for the Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Major Knee Surgery Study. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after elective major knee surgery. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1305–10.External Source Document

Bergqvist D, Nilsson B, Hedner U, et al. The effects of heparin fragments of different molecular weight in experimental thrombosis and haemostasis.Thromb Res 1985;38:589–601.External Source Document

Bhandari M, Hirsh J,Weitz J, et al.The effects of standard and low molecular weight heparin on bone nodule formation in vitro.Thromb Haemost 1998;80:413–17.External Source Document

Boneu B, Caranobe C, Cadroy Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of standard UFH, and low molecular weight heparins in the rabbit. Sem Thromb Hemost 1988;14:18–27.External Source Document

Boneu B, deMoerloose P. How and when to monitor a patient treated with low molecular weight heparin. Semin Thromb Hemost 2001;27:519–22.External Source Document  

Boneu B. Low molecular weight heparin therapy: is monitoring needed? Thromb Haemost 1994;72:330–4.External Source Document

Brinkhous KM, Smith HP,Warner ED, et al.The inhibition of blood clotting: an unidentified substance which acts in conjunction with heparin to prevent the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. Am J Physiol 1939;125:683–7.External Source Document

Büller et al., Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.  CHEST 2004; 126:401S– 428S.External Source Document

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Casu B, Oreste P,Torri G, et al.The structure of heparin oligosaccharide fragments with high anti- (factor Xa) activity containing the minimal antithrombin III-binding sequence. Biochem J 1981;97:599–609.External Source Document

Choay J, Lormeau JC, Petitou M, et al. Structural studies on a biologically active hexasaccharide obtained from heparin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981;370:644–9.External Source Document

Choay J, Petitou M, Lormeau JC, et al. Structure–activity relationship in heparin: a synthetic pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin and eliciting high anti-factor Xa activity. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1983;116:492–9.

Choay J. Biologic studies on chemically synthesized pentasaccharide and tetrasaccharide fragments. Semin Thromb Hemost 1985;11:81–5.External Source Document

Danielsson A, Raub E, Lindahl U, et al. Role of ternary complexes, in which heparin binds both antithrombin and proteinase, in the acceleration of the reactions between antithrombin and thrombin r factor Xa. J Biol Chem 1986;261:15467–73.External Source Document

de Swart CAM, Nijmeyer B, Roelofs JMM, et al. Kinetics of intravenously administered heparin in normal humans. Blood 1982;60:1251–8.External Source Document

Edson JR, Krivit W,White JG. Kaolin partial thromboplastin time: high levels of procoagulants producing short clotting times or masking deficiencies of other procoagulants or low concentrations of anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med 1967;70:463–70.External Source Document

Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR, et al, for the Steering Committee of the Pentasaccharide in Hip-Fracture Surgery Study. Fondaparinux compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip-fracture surgery. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1298–304.External Source Document

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Glimelius B, Busch C, Hook M. Binding of heparin on the surface of cultured human endothelial cells.Thromb Res 1978;12:773–82.External Source Document

Greinacher A, Potzsch B, Amiral J, et al. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen.Thromb Haemost 1994;71:247–51.External Source Document

Griffith MJ. Heparin-catalyzed inhibitor/protease reactions: kinetic evidence for a common mechanism of action of heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983;80:5460–4.External Source Document

Handeland GF,Abidgaard GF, Holm U, et al. Dose adjusted heparin treatment of deep venous thrombosis: a comparison of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990;39:107–12.External Source Document

Heiden D, Mielke CH, Rodvien R. Impairment by heparin of primary (14C)5-hydroxytryptamine release. Br J Haematol 1977;36:427–36.External Source Document

Comparison of high-dose with low-dose subcutaneous heparin to prevent left ventricular mural thrombosis in patients with acute transmural anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;320:352–7.External Source Document  

Herbert JM, Herault JP, Bernat A, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of SANORG 34006, a potent and long-acting synthetic pentasaccharide. Blood 1998;91:4197–205.External Source Document

Hirsh J, Levine MN. Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992;79:1–17.External Source Document

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