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Votrient 200 mg film-coated tablets overview

Votrient is indicated for the first line treatment of advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and for patients who have received prior cytokine therapy for advanced disease.

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Related DrugsDrug Details
Votrient 200 mg film-coated tablets
Drug description :

Each film-coated tablet contains 200 mg pazopanib (as hydrochloride).

Presentation :

Film-coated tablet. Capsule-shaped, pink, film-coated tablet with GS JT debossed on one side.

Indications :

Votrient is indicated for the first line treatment of advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) and for patients who have received prior cytokine therapy for advanced disease.

Adult Dosage :

Votrient treatment should only be initiated by a physician experienced in the administration of anti-cancer agents.

Adults
The recommended dose of pazopanib is 800 mg once daily.

Dose modifications
Dose modification should be in 200 mg increments in a stepwise fashion based on individual tolerability in order to manage adverse reactions. The dose of pazopanib should not exceed 800 mg.

Paediatric population
Pazopanib is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age due to insufficient data on safety and efficacy.

Elderly
There are limited data of the use of pazopanib in patients aged 65 years and older. In the RCC studies of pazopanib, overall no clinically significant differences in safety of pazopanib were observed between subjects aged at least 65 years and younger subjects. Clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Renal impairment
Renal impairment is unlikely to have a clinically relevant effect on pazopanib pharmacokinetics given the low renal excretion of pazopanib and metabolites. Therefore, no dose adjustment is required in patients with creatinine clearance above 30 ml/min. Caution is advised in patients with creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min as there is no experience of pazopanib in this patient population.

Hepatic impairment
The safety and pharmacokinetics of pazopanib in patients with hepatic impairment have not been fully established. Administration of pazopanib to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment should be undertaken with caution and close monitoring due to potentially increased exposure to the medicinal product. Insufficient data a e available in patients with mild hepatic impairment to provide a dose adjustment recommendation but a reduced pazopanib dose of 200 mg once daily is recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.

Pazopanib is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Method of administration
Pazopanib should be taken without food, at least one hour before or two hours after a meal. Votrient film-coated tablets should be taken whole with water and not broken or crushed.

Special Precautions :

Hepatic effects
Cases of hepatic failure (including fatalities) have been reported during use of pazopanib. The safety and pharmacokinetics of pazopanib have not been fully established in patients with pre-existing hepatic impairment. Administration of pazopanib to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment should be undertaken with caution and close monitoring. A reduced pazopanib dose of 200 mg once daily is recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.

Insufficient data are available in patients with mild hepatic impairment to provide a dose adjustment recommendation. Pazopanib is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

In clinical studies with pazopanib, increase in serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and bilirubin were observed. In the majority of the cases, isolated increases in ALT and AST have been reported, without concomitant elevations of alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin.

Monitor serum liver tests before initiation of treatment with pazopanib and at least once every 4 weeks for the first 4 months of treatment, and as clinically indicated. Periodic monitoring should then continue after this time period.

  • Patients with isolated transaminase elevations ≤ 8 X upper limit of normal (ULN) may be continued on pazopanib with weekly monitoring of liver function until transaminases return to Grade 1 or baseline.
  • Patients with transaminases of > 8 X ULN should have pazopanib interrupted until they return to Grade 1 or baseline. If the potential benefit for reinitiating pazopanib treatment is considered to outweigh the risk for hepatotoxicity, then reintroduce pazopanib at a reduced dose and measure serum liver tests weekly for 8 weeks. Following reintroduction of pazopanib, if transaminase elevations > 3 X ULN recur, then pazopanib should be discontinued.
  • If transaminase elevations > 3 X ULN occur concurrently with bilirubin elevations > 2 X ULN, bilirubin fractionation should be performed. If direct (conjugated) bilirubin is > 35 % of total bilirubin, pazopanib should be discontinued.

Hypertension
Blood pressure should be well controlled prior to initiating pazopanib. Patients should be monitored for hypertension and treated as needed with standard anti-hypertensive therapy.

Hypertension occurs early in the course of treatment (88 % occurring in first 18 weeks). In the case of persistent hypertension despite anti-hypertensive therapy, the pazopanib dose may be reduced (see section 4.2). Temporary suspension is recommended in patients if hypertension is severe and persists despite anti-hypertensive therapy and pazopanib dose reduction. Pazopanib treatment may be resumed once hypertension is appropriately controlled.

QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes
In clinical studies with pazopanib, events of QT prolongation and Torsade de Pointes have occurred. Pazopanib should be used with caution in patients with a history of QT interval prolongation, in patients taking antiarrythmics or other medicinal products that may prolong QT interval and those with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease. When using pazopanib, base line and periodic monitoring of electrocardiograms and maintenance of electrolytes (e.g. calcium, magnesium, potassium) within normal range is recommended.

Arterial thrombotic events
In clinical studies with pazopanib, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack were observed (see section 4.8). Pazopanib should be used with caution in patients who are at increased risk for any of these events. A treatment decision should be made based upon the assessment of individual patient’s benefit/risk.

Haemorrhagic events
In clinical studies with pazopanib haemorrhagic events have been reported. Pazopanib is not recommended in patients who had a history of haemoptysis, cerebral, or clinically significant gastrointestinal (GI) haemorrhage in the past 6 months. Pazopanib should be used with caution in patients with significant risk of haemorrhage.

Gastrointestinal perforations and fistula
In clinical studies with pazopanib, events of GI perforation or fistula have occurred. Pazopanib should be used with caution in patients at risk for GI perforation or fistula.

Wound healing
No formal studies on the effect of pazopanib on wound healing have been conducted. Since Vascular  Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibitors may impair wound healing, treatment with pazopanib should be stopped at least 7 days prior to scheduled surgery. The decision to resume pazopanib after surgery should be based on clinical judgement of adequate wound healing. Pazopanib should be discontinued in patients with wound dehiscence.

Heart failure
The safety and pharmacokinetics of pazopanib in patients with moderate to severe heart failure has not been studied.

Hypothyroidism
In clinical studies with pazopanib, events of hypothyroidism have occurred. Baseline laboratory measurement of thyroid function is recommended and patients with hypothyroidism should be treated as per standard medical practice prior to the start of pazopanib treatment. All patients should be observed closely for signs and symptoms of thyroid dysfunction on pazopanib treatment.  Laboratory monitoring of thyroid function should be performed periodically and managed as per standard medical practice.

Proteinuria
In clinical studies with pazopanib, proteinuria has been reported. Baseline and periodic urinanalysis during treatment is recommended and patients should be monitored for worsening proteinuria. Pazopanib should be discontinued if the patient develops Grade 4 proteinuria.

Pregnancy
Pre-clinical studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. If pazopanib is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant whilst receiving pazopanib, the potential hazard to the foetus should be explained to the patient. Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving treatment with pazopanib.

Interactions
Concomitant treatment with strong inhibitors of CYP3A4, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) should be avoided due to risk of increased exposure to pazopanib. Selection of alternative concomitant medicinal products with no or minimal potential to inhibit CYP3A4, P-gp or BCRP should be considered.

Concomitant treatment with inducers of CYP3A4 should be avoided due to risk of decreased exposure to pazopanib.

Concomitant administration of pazopanib with uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) substrates (e.g. irinotecan) should be undertaken with caution since pazopanib is an inhibitor of UGT1A1.

Grapefruit juice should be avoided during treatment with pazopanib.

Interactions :

Effects of other medicinal products on pazopanib

In vitro studies suggested that the oxidative metabolism of pazopanib in human liver microsomes is mediated primarily by CYP3A4, with minor contributions from CYP1A2 and CYP2C8. Therefore, inhibitors and inducers of CYP3A4 may alter the metabolism of pazopanib.

CYP3A4, P-gp, BCRP Inhibitors: Pazopanib is a substrate for CYP3A4, P-gp and BCRP.

Co-administration of pazopanib with strong inhibitors of the CYP3A4 family (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, clarithromycin, atazanavir, indinavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, voriconazole) may increase pazopanib concentrations. Grapefruit juice contains an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may also increase plasma concentrations of pazopanib.

Administration of 1,500 mg lapatinib (a substrate for and weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-gp and a potent inhibitor of BCRP) with 800 mg pazopanib resulted in an approximately 50 % to 60 % increase in mean pazopanib AUC(0-24) and Cmax compared to administration of 800 mg pazopanib alone.

Inhibition of P-gp and/or BCRP by lapatinib likely contributed to the increased exposure to pazopanib.

Concurrent administration of a single dose of pazopanib eye drops (at a low dose of 400 μg (80 μl of 5 mg/ml)) with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor, ketoconazole, in healthy volunteers resulted in a 2.2- and 1.5-fold increase in mean AUC(0-t) and Cmax values, respectively. Inhibition of P-gp and/or BCRP by ketoconazole likely contributed to the increased exposure to pazopanib. At present no dosing recommendations can be made for either potent specific inhibitors of CYP3A4 or ketoconazole.

Co-administration of pazopanib with a CYP3A4, P-gp, and BCRP inhibitor, such as lapatinib, will  esult in an increase in plasma pazopanib concentrations. Co-administration with potent P-gp or BCRP inhibitors may also alter the exposure and distribution of pazopanib, including distribution into the central nervous systems (CNS).

Combination with strong CYP3A4, P-gp or BCRP inhibitors should therefore be avoided, or selection of an alternate concomitant medication with no or minimal potential to inhibit CYP3A4, P-gp or BCRP is recommended..

CYP3A4, P-gp, BCRP Inducers: CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampin may decrease plasma pazopanib concentrations. Co-administration of pazopanib with potent P-gp or BCRP inducers may alter the exposure and distribution of pazopanib, including distribution into the CNS. Selection of an alternate
concomitant medication with no or minimal enzyme or transporter induction potential is recommended.

Effects of pazopanib on other medicinal products
In vitro studies with human liver microsomes showed that pazopanib inhibited CYP enzymes 1A2, 3A4, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1. Potential induction of human CYP3A4 was demonstrated in an in vitro human PXR assay. Clinical pharmacology studies, using pazopanib 800 mg once daily, have demonstrated that pazopanib does not have a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CYP1A2 probe substrate), warfarin (CYP2C9 probe substrate), or omeprazole (CYP2C19 probe substrate) in cancer patients. Pazopanib resulted in an increase of approximately 30 % in the mean AUC and Cmax of midazolam (CYP3A4 probe substrate) and increases of 33 % to 64 % in the ratio of dextrometrophan to dextrophan concentrations in the urine after oral administration of dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 probe substrate). Co-administration of pazopanib 800 mg once daily and paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 (CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 substrate) once weekly resulted in a mean increase of 25 % and 31 % in paclitaxel AUC and Cmax, respectively.

Based on in vitro IC50 and in vivo plasma Cmax values, pazopanib metabolites GSK1268992 and GSK1268997 may contribute to the net inhibitory effect of pazopanib towards BCRP. Furthermore, inhibition of BCRP and P-gp by pazopanib in the gastrointestinal tract cannot be excluded. Care
should be taken when pazopanib is co-administered with other oral BCRP and P-gp substrates. In vitro, pazopanib inhibited human organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1). It cannot be excluded that pazopanib will affect the pharmacokinetics of substrates of OATP1B1 (e.g. rosuvastatin).

Effect of food on pazopanib
Administration of pazopanib with a high fat or low fat meal results in an approximately 2-fold increase in AUC and Cmax. Therefore, pazopanib should be administered at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.

Adverse Reactions :

Pooled data from the pivotal RCC study (VEG105192, n=290), extension study (VEG107769, n=71) and the supportive Phase II study (VEG102616, n=225) was evaluated in the overall evaluation of safety and tolerability of pazopanib (total n=586) in subjects with RCC.

The most important serious adverse reactions were transient ischaemic attack, ischaemic stroke, myocardial ischaemia, cardiac dysfunction, gastrointestinal perforation and fistula, QT prolongation and pulmonary, gastrointestinal and cerebral haemorrhage, all adverse reactions being reported in < 1 % of treated patients.

Fatal events that were considered possibly related to pazopanib included gastrointestinal haemorrhage, pulmonary haemorrhage/haemoptysis, abnormal hepatic function, intestinal perforation and ischemic stroke.

The most common adverse reactions (experienced by at least 10 % of the patients) of any grade included: diarrhoea, hair colour change, hypertension, nausea, fatigue, anorexia, vomiting, dysgeusia, elevated alanine aminotransferase and elevated aspartate aminotransferase.

Treatment related adverse reactions, all grades, which were reported in RCC patients are listed below by MedDRA body system organ class, frequency and grade of severity. The following convention has been utilised for the classification of frequency:

Very common GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO (8805) 1/10

Common GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO (8805) 1/100 to < 1/10

Uncommon GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO (8805) 1/1,000 to < 1/100

Rare GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO (8805) 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000

Very rare < 1/10,000

not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)

Categories have been assigned based on absolute frequencies in the clinical study data. Within each system organ class, adverse reactions with the same frequency are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. 

Table 1: Treatment-related adverse reactions reported in RCC studies (n=586) 

System Organ Class

 

Frequency (all grades)

Adverse Reactions

All Grades

 

n (%)

Grade 3

 

n (%)

Grade 4

 

n (%)

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

Common

Thrombocytopenia

25 (4 %)

3 (< 1 %)

3 (< 1 %)

Common

Neutropenia

17 (3 %)

4 (< 1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

Common

Leukopenia

14 (2 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Endocrine disorders

Common

Hypothyroidism

23 (4 %)

0

0

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Very common

Decreased appetitee

122 (21 %)

6 (1 %)

0

Uncommon

Hypophosphataemia

4 (< 1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Hypomagnesaemia

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Nervous system disorders

Very common

Dysgeusiac

92 (16 %)

0

0

Common

Headache

41 (7 %)

0

0

Common

Dizziness

19 (3 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Common

Lethargy

12 (2 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Paraesthesia

12 (2 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Peripheral sensory neuropathy

5 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Hypoaesthesia

4 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Transient ischaemic attack

3 (< 1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Cerebrovascular accident

1 (< 1 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Ischaemic stroke

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Eye disorders

Uncommon

Eyelash discolouration

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Cardiac disorders

Uncommon

Bradycardia

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Cardiac dysfunction

4 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Myocardial infarction

2 (< 1 %)

0

2 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Myocardial ischaemia

1 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Vascular disorders

Very common

Hypertension

225 (38 %)

34 (6%)

0

Common

Hot flush

11 (2 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Flushing

5 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Hypertensive crisis

1 (< 1 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Common

Epistaxis

16 (3 %)

0

0

Common

Dysphonia

15 (3 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Pulmonary embolism

4 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

3 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Haemoptysis

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Pulmonary haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

 

Gastrointestinal disorders

 

 

Very common

Diarrhoea

286 (49 %)

19 (3 %)

2 (< 1 %)

Very common

Nausea

161 (27 %)

3 (< 1 %)

0

Very common

Vomiting

89 (15 %)

7 (1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Very common

Abdominal paina

60 (10 %)

8 (1 %)

0

Common

Dyspepsia

24 (4 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Stomatitis

24 (4 %)

0

0

Common

Flatulence

20 (3 %)

0

0

Common

Abdominal distension

15 (3 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Mouth ulceration

4 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Frequent bowel movements

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Gastrointestinal haemorrhage

3 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Rectal haemorrhage

3 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Large intestine perforation

2 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Mouth haemorrhage

2 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Enterocutaneous fistula

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Haematemesis

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Haematochezia

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Haemorrhoidal haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Ileal perforation

1 (< 1 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Melaena

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Oesophageal haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Pancreatitis

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Peritonitis

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Retroperitoneal haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Hepatobiliary disorders

Common

Hepatic function abnormal

20 (3 %)

6 (1 %)

0

Common

Hyperbilirubinaemia

18 (3 %)

2 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Hepatotoxicity

5 (< 1 %)

3 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Jaundice

2 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Hepatic failure

1 (< 1 %)

0

1 (< 1 %)

Uncommon

Hepatitis

1 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Skin and subcutaneous disorders

Very common

Hair colour change

231 (39 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Rash

52 (9 %)

3 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Alopecia

50 (9 %)

0

0

Common

Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome

43 (7 %)

7 (1 %)

0

Common

Skin hypopigmentation

25 (4 %)

0

0

Common

Erythema

15 (3 %)

0

0

Common

Pruritus

13 (2 %)

0

0

Common

Skin depigmentation

13 (2 %)

0

0

Common

Dry skin

12 (2 %)

0

0

Common

Hyperhidrosis

9 (2 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Photosensitivity reaction

7 (1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Skin exfoliation

7 (1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Rash vesicular

3 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Pruritus generalised

2 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Rash papular

2 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Plantar erythema

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Rash erythematous

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Rash generalised

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Rash macular

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Rash pruritic

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Common

Myalgia

15 (3 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Muscle spasms

12 (2 %)

0

0

Renal and urinary disorders

Common

Proteinuria

40 (7 %)

5 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Haemorrhage urinary tract

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Reproductive system and breast disorders

Uncommon

Menorrhagia

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Metrorrhagia

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Vaginal haemorrhage

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

General disorders and administration site conditions

Very common

Fatigue

139 (24 %)

16 (3 %)

0

Common

Asthenia

41 (7 %)

8 (1 %)

0

Common

Mucosal inflammation

27 (5 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Oedemab

19 (3 %)

0

0

Common

Chest pain

14 (2 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Mucous membrane disorder

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Investigations

Very common

Alanine aminotransferase increased

83 (14%)

28 (5 %)

4 (< 1 %)

Very common

Aspartate aminotransferase increased

72 (12%)

17 (3 %)

3 (< 1 %)

Common

Weight decreased

38 (6 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Blood creatinine increased

13 (2 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Blood bilirubin increased

11 (2 %)

1 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Common

White blood cell count decreasedd

10 (2 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Common

Lipase increased

9 (2 %)

4 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Common

Blood pressure increased

6 (1 %)

0

0

Common

Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased

6 (1 %)

0

0

Common

Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased

6 (1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

Common

Hepatic enzyme increased

6 (1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Aspartate aminotransferase

5 (< 1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Blood urea increased

5 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Electrocardiogram QT prolonged

5(< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Blood amylase increased

4 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Blood glucose decreased

4 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Alanine aminotransferase

3 (< 1 %)

2 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Transaminase increased

3 (< 1 %)

1 (< 1 %)

0

Uncommon

Blood pressure diastolic increased

2 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Thyroid function test abnormal

2 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Blood pressure systolic increased

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

Uncommon

Liver function test abnormal

1 (< 1 %)

0

0

The following terms have been combined:

a Abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper and abdominal pain lower

b Oedema, oedema peripheral, eye oedema, localised oedema and face oedema

c Dysgeusia, ageusia and hypogeusia

d White cell count decreased, neutrophil count decreased and leukocyte count decreased

e Decreased appetite and anorexia

Manufacturer :

Glaxo Group Ltd.

Drug Availability :

POM- Prescription Only Medicine

Drug Updated :

20 September 2010

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